We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
Defining and Non-defining
A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:
I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.
I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).
Defining relative clauses:
1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):
I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
She has a son who / that is a doctor.
We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):
The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The man who / that phoned is my brother.
The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
2: The relative pronoun is the object:
Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object)
She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)
The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
Non-defining relative clauses:
We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)
My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(Clause comes after the object)
Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.
Prepositions and relative clauses
If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
For example:
listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.
Whose
'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
VERSI INDONESIA
Relative clause berfungsi untuk menambahkan informasi tentang sebuah kata dalam kalimat. Jika mereka dihilangkan dalam sebuah kalimat tersebut, maka kalimat utama tersebut masih dapat dimengerti.
Relative clause adalah klausa dependent, atau dalam bahasa Indonesia kita sering menyebutnya dengan anak kalimat. Ia memiliki subject dan verb (kata kerja), tetapi ia tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah kalimat. Relative clause juga bisa disebut dengan adjective clause karena fungsinya sebagai adjective yang memberikan sifat tambahan tentang kata benda yang ingin dijelaskan dalam sebuah kalimat.
Relative clause selalu diawali dengan relative pronoun yang menggantikan kata benda, frase kata benda, atau kata ganti benda apabila induk kalimat (independent clause) dan anak kalimat (dependent clause) digabungkan.
Contoh relative pronoun:
who: Menjelaskan subjek berupa orang
whom: Menjelaskan objek berupa orang
whose: Menjelaskan kepemilikan orang atau benda
that: Menjelaskan orang atau benda, baik sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek, hanya digunakan pada jenis restrictive relative clauses
which: Menjelaskan subjek atau objek berupa benda
Contohnya:
1. The woman lives next to my house. The woman is very beautiful.
The woman who [she] lives next to my house is very beautiful.
2. The cat is so cute. The cat likes eating chicken.
The cat which [it] is so cute likes eating chicken.
3. A woman is a teacher. Her father’s birds are great at warbling.
A woman whose father’s birds are great at warbling is a teacher.
4. I met a man on the street. He helped me to carry my stuff.
I met a man whom helped me to carry my stuff on the street.
5. I bought a new dress yesterday. The dress is very beautiful.
I bought a new dress which is very beautiful yesterday.
6. My friend gave me a birthday surprise. He is my classmate.
My friend that gave me a birthday surprise is my classmate.
Ada dua jenis klausa di dalam relative clause, yaitu: restrictive clause dan non-restrictive clause.
1. Restrictive clauses
Restrictive clause menjelaskan tentang orang atau benda yang spesifik dalam sebuah kelompok orang atau benda. Apabila klausa ini dihilangkan, maka arti kalimat tersebut akan berubah secara signifikan. Restrictive clause tidak dipisahkan dari bagian kalimat yang lain dengan koma.
Contoh:
• The employee who had the best sales got reward from my boss.
• The mobile phone that is given by my father is already broken.
• The bird which was cared by my father was died yesterday.
• The woman that I took to her office this morning was actually my mother’s friend.
2. Non-restrictive clauses
Non-restrictive clause memberikan informasi tambahan tentang orang atau benda yang sedang kita bicarakan. Apabila non-restrictive clause dihilangkan, maka sebagian informasi detilnya hilang, namun makna keseluruhannya tidak berubah atau tetap sama. Non-restrictive clause selalu dipisahakan dengan tanda koma.
Contoh:
• The man, who is 50 years old, helped me to cross the street this morning.
• My cat, which is very fat, went away from home..
• A movie actress, who is very beautiful, got and accident and was hospitalized last week.
• My grandmother, who is 90, likes swimming very much.
EXERCISES
(Gabungkanlah setiap pasang kalimat sederhana berikut ini menjadi kalimat kompleks yang mengandung adjective clause.)
1. John bought a boat. The boat cost thirty thousand dollars.
2. John is the man. We are going to recommend John for the job.
3. The men are angry. The men are in this room.
4. The men are angry. I do not like the men.
5. I do not like the men. The woman is talking to the men.
6. John found a cat. The cat’s leg was broken.
7. The robber was arrested last night. The police have caught the robber.
8. The girl is happy. Her father bought a car for her.
9. This is the city. I was born here.
10. You put the books somewhere. Show me the place you put it.
11. Regina is a beautiful young lady. She is my best friend.
12. Toci once met my girlfriend. Toci had never seen my girlfriend before.
13. Mr. Jono is our teacher. We like him very much.
14. Bandung is a town. I studied there in 2014.
15. Do you know that man ? My mother gave him some foods today.
16. That is the girl. She works at university as an administration staff.
17. Do you see my bag? I bought it yesterday.
18. Ms. Paulo is a doctor. Her house is near to my house.
19. The motorcycle is my brother’s. It is in the garage now because it needs fixing.
20. The boy is very naughty. His father is often angry with him.
Jawaban:
1. John bought a boat which cost thirty thousand dollars.
2. John is the man whom we are going to recommend for the job.
3. The men who are angry are in this room.
4. I do not like the men who are angry.
5. I do not like the men whom the woman is talking to.
6. John found a cat whose leg was broken.
7. The police have caught the robber who was arrested last night.
8. The girl whose father bought a car for her is happy.
9. This is the city where I was born.
10. Show me the place where you put the books.
11. Regina who is a beautiful young lady is my best friend.
12. Toci once met my girlfriend whom he had never seen before.
13. Mr. Jono whom we like very much is our teacher.
14. Bandung is a town where I studied there in 2014.
15. Do you know that man who my mother gave him some foods today?
16. That is the girl who works at university as an administration staff.
17. Do you see my bag which I bought yesterday?
18. Ms. Paulo whose house is near to my house is a doctor.
19. The motorcycle which is in the garage now because it needs fixing is my brother’s.
20. The boy whose father is often angry with him is very naughty.
Soal Adjective Clause
1. The lady ….. lives across the street is my aunt.
a. Whom
b. Who
c. Whose
2. The boy ….. shoes are on the floor is my little brother.
a. Whom
b. Who
c. Whose
3. The moment ….. the clown burst in to surprise the teacher was great!
a. That
b. Where
c. When
4. The student ….. I teach is Budi.
a. Whom
b. Who
c. Whose
5. Do you bring the book ….. I gave it to you yesterday?
a. When
b. That
c. Which
6. Can you see the bird ….. is on the fence?
a. When
b. That
c. Which
7. I still remember the place ….. I put my mobile phone last night.
a. Where
b. When
c. Which
8. Give me the reason ….. you study in EngllishOnline.
a. Why
b. When
c. Where
9. Tokyo, ….. is located in japan, was my favorite city to visit.
a. Which
b. That
c. Where
10. Fruit ….. is grown organically is expensive.
a. Which
b. That
c. Whom
References
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/
http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/
http://belajarbahasainggrisonline-gratis.blogspot.co.id/
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